With reference to Indian history, which of the following is/are the essential element/ elements of the feudal system? 1. A very strong centralized political authority and a very weak provincial or local political authority 2. The emergence of an administrative structure based on control and possession of the land 3. Creation of lord-vassal relationship between the feudal lord and his overlord Select the correct answer using the code given below. (2015)

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Correct answer: 2 and 3 only. In the medieval era, feudalism was the predominant socio-economic structure. Statement 1 is incorrect: As a political principle of organization that divided the power of lords, feudalism laid the foundations for a decentralization of political power, wherein the nobility owned land from the Crown in return for military service, and vassals were tenants of the nobles. The peasants were required to reside on their lord’s land and to offer him homage, labor, and a share of the production in exchange for military protection. Statement 2 is correct: In a feudal system, land is the main economic resource, and it is the key to political power and authority. The feudal system is built around the concept of land ownership, where lords or landholders control vast estates and manage them with | | UPSC the help of vassals, peasants, or serfs. Land is granted in exchange for military service, loyalty, or other obligations, forming the basis for the entire administrative and economic structure. Statement 3 is correct: One of the key features of the feudal system is th

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