Lichens, which are capable of initiating ecological succession even on a bare rock, are actually a symbiotic association of
✓ Correct answer: b) algae and fungi
ExplanationEcological succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time.Types of Succession: Primary Succession occurs on newly formed or exposed land where no previous life existed (e.g., bare rock, lava flows).Pioneer species like lichens and mosses initiate the process, gradually leading to the development of soil and a stable ecosystem.Secondary Succession happens in areas where an ecosystem previously existed but was disturbed (e.g., after a forest fire or flood).Soil is already present, and recovery occurs more quickly than in primary succession.Option (b) is correct: Lichens are among the first organisms to colonize bare rock or barren environments, breaking down minerals to create soil and paving the way for other plants and organisms.They are unique composite organisms resulting from a symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner, which can be either green algae or cyanobacteria.In this partnership, the fungal component, known as the mycobiont, provides structure and protection, while the photosynthetic partn
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