In the context of India’s Five Year Plans, a shift in the pattern of industrialization, with lower emphasis on heavy industries and more on infrastructure begins in:

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Correct answer: Eighth Plan. The Eighth Five-Year Plan (1992–1997) marked a shift in India’s industrialization strategy by emphasizing infra- structure development and liberalization policies over tra- ditional heavy industries. This change stemmed from the eco- nomic reforms of 1991, which aimed to boost private sector participation, attract foreign investment, and focus on services and technology-driven industries. This shift had significant implications, including the moderniza- tion of infrastructure, which improved connectivity and effi- ciency, and the expansion of the private sector, which became a key driver of economic growth and employment opportunities. 19

In the context of India’s Five Year Plans, a shift in the pattern of industrialization, with lower emphasis on heavy industries and more on infrastructure begins in:

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