Fight-or-flight reactions cause activation of;
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Fight-or-flight reactions cause activation of;
✓ Correct answer: c) the adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
ExplanationThe "fight-or-flight" response is an acute stress reaction triggered by the sympathetic nervous system in response to perceived danger or emergency.Activation of Adrenal Medulla (C): When the brain (specifically the hypothalamus) perceives a threat, it sends nerve impulses to the adrenal medulla (the inner part of the adrenal glands).This triggers the rapid release of catecholamines—epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)—into the bloodstream.These "emergency hormones" prepare the body for immediate action by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate, and by mobilising energy sources like glucose.A. Parathyroid glands: These glands regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood; they are not directly involved in the rapid fight- or-flight metabolic surge.B. Kidney (Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone): While stress can eventually impact kidney function, the fight-or-flight response typically leads to the activation (or "triggering") of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) to maintain blood pressure, not its suppression.D. Pancreas: During fight-or-flight, the body needs more sugar for energy.Activation actually leads to an increase in blood sugar levels (via the breakdown of glycogen in the liver), not a reduction.
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