Correct Answer: (D) All of these

Explanation of the correct option:

Planning is goal-oriented because it focuses on achieving predetermined organisational objectives. Specific goals are set out in plans along with the activities required to achieve them. Planning has no meaning unless it contributes to the achievement of organisational goals.

Planning is also objective-oriented because objectives provide direction to all managerial decisions and actions. Every plan is prepared with the purpose of achieving specific objectives.

Further, planning is a mental process because it requires the application of the mind involving foresight, intelligent imagination, logical thinking and sound judgement. It is an intellectual activity of thinking before taking action.

Since planning is goal-oriented, objective-oriented and a mental process, the correct answer is (D) All of these.

Explanation of incorrect options:

(A) Goal-oriented:
This option is incorrect because although planning is goal-oriented, it is not the complete answer. Planning is also objective-oriented and a mental process.

(B) Objective-oriented:
This option is incorrect because planning aims at achieving objectives, but this characteristic alone does not fully describe the nature of planning.

(C) Mental process:
This option is incorrect because planning involves mental exercise and intellectual thinking, but planning is also focused on achieving goals and objectives.

Conclusion:

Planning focuses on achieving organisational goals and objectives and requires logical thinking, foresight and judgement. Therefore, planning is goal-oriented, objective-oriented and a mental process. Hence, the correct answer is (D) All of these.

Planning is

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