Which one of the following statements about Sangam literature in ancient South India is correct? (2022)
✓ Correct answer: b) The social classification of Varna was known to Sangam poets.
ExplanationSangam literature, composed between 300 BCE and 300 CE, is a collection of Tamil poems reflecting ancient South Indian society, culture, and politics.It was composed by poets at the Sangam councils held in Madurai and include contributions from poets like Agastya, Kapilar, and Nakkirar.The literature is divided into Eighteen Greater and Ten Lesser Anthologies, covering themes of love (akam), valor (puram), and ethics.Key texts include Tolkappiyam (grammar), Purananuru (heroic poetry), and Akananuru (love poetry), offering insights into the region’s political, social, and religious life.The two major Tamil epics, Silappathikaram and Manimekalai, are cornerstones of Tamil literature and reflect the cultural and spiritual life of ancient Tamil society Option (b) is correct: Sangam literature does make references to the social classification of Varna, which was a system of social classification in ancient India based on occupation and birth.Sangam Literature provides valuable details about the Sangam society and polity.Social classification of varna was known to Sangam poets.There is mention of social classes like the Arashar (kings), Vaishiyar (traders), and Velalar (farmers).Option (a), (c) and (d) are incorrect: Sangam literature is rich in descriptions of material culture, including trade, agriculture, wealth, and urban life.Sangam literature contains numerous references to warrior ethics, valor, and the heroic code, especially in the context of battles and chieftains.Sangam literature often depicts magical forces and divine interventions as part of its worldview, consistent with the religious and cultural beliefs of the time.
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