Historian Barani refused to consider the state in India under Delhi Sultans as truly Islamic because:
✓ Correct answer: c) Sultan supplemented the Muslim law by framing his own regulations
ExplanationZia-ud-Din Barani (1285–1357) was a prominent historian and political thinker during the period of Tughlaq Dynasty.His most famous work, “Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi”, chronicles the history of the Delhi Sultanate and provides valuable insights into the political and social conditions of the time.He advocated a theocratic system of governance, where Islamic law would guide the state’s policies.Option (c) is correct: The Sultans of Delhi, frequently made decisions based on political and administrative pragmatism rather than strictly following Islamic laws.He argued that the state was not “truly Islamic” because the Sultans often supplemented or modified Sharia (Islamic law) with their own administrative and secular regulations (Zawabit).16
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