Correct Answer: (D) all level managers

Explanation of the correct option:
Management control is performed by managers at all levels because controlling is a pervasive function of management. Controlling involves monitoring performance, comparing it with organisational goals and correcting deviations whenever required. Every manager is responsible for the performance of subordinates working under them; every manager must exercise control.

Top level managers perform strategic control by monitoring the overall performance of the organisation and ensuring that organisational objectives are achieved. Middle-level managers perform tactical control by controlling departmental activities and ensuring that plans and policies are implemented properly. Lower-level managers perform operational control by supervising the day-to-day work of employees and ensuring that tasks are completed according to standards.

Since controlling is an essential and fundamental function at every managerial level, management control is performed by all level managers. Therefore, the correct answer is (D) all level managers.

Explanation of incorrect options:

(A) lower-level managers:
This option is incorrect because controlling is not limited only to lower-level managers. Top and middle-level managers also perform controlling functions.

(B) middle-level managers:
This option is incorrect because middle-level managers alone are not responsible for management control. It is exercised at every level of management.

(C) top-level managers:
This option is incorrect because although top-level managers perform strategic control, controlling is also necessary at middle and lower levels.

Conclusion:
Controlling is a fundamental and pervasive function of management, which is performed by managers at top, middle and lower levels to ensure the achievement of organisational goals effectively. Hence, the correct answer is (D) all level managers

Management control is done by

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